Well I'd normally rip into a person for performing surgery without a clue but I'm feeling kinda charitable today. The first thing you should get is a DMM to test your wires. You should have purchased a wire harness to plug into your factory plugs, but hindsight is 20/20. Professionals today can do their installs so quickly because they use the wiring harness. Your install should have taken a pro about 20 minutes.
The problem you have is that you have a wiring diagram that most likely covers all of the trim levels for the F-150 in that year. That would include the basic truck with AM/FM radio, all they way upto the JBL sound system, so you will most likely have wires on the diagram that are not existant in your truck. You will also, since you are "hard-wiring' the radio, have extra wires left over on the truck side that are not used.
So, we need to start out with the basics. You will need three wires to power the unit up. Constant 12v which is Yellow on your new Headunit, Accessory 12v which is Red on your new HU, and Ground, which is Black on your new headunit. If you locate those three wires on the truck side, you are half-way home. So now here's some answers to your questions:
1. Yes, there are two BLACK/ Green wires from the truck for Ground. You can use one or two of them as they are parralleled. They added a second ground wire to distribute the current load of the stock head-unit.
2. The illumination wire is one of those truck-side wires that you will not use. If your Headunit doesn't have an illumination wire, then forget about it. Insulate the end and forget it's there. Even if it was there, I'd say don't connect it because there are three types of illumination wires. One is Positive triggered, which goes to +12v when the lights are turned on, another is Negative triggered which goes to Ground when the lights are on, and the other is the Dimmer, which varies the voltage depending on where you have your dash illumination set at. After market decks only recognize the Positive triggered illumination.
3. The Blue wire will be a factory amp turn-on. It tells the factory amp to turn on when the head-unit is on. You may not even have a factory amp so for now ignore it.
4. Without a DMM you won't know what these wires are for. But yes, you will have extra wires left over after the installation.
5. If you do in fact have a factory amplifier the Blue/white wire will connect to the amp turn-on in the truck.
6. The ground wire from the headunit must be grounded. You can ground it to the ground wire in the truck. The BLACK/ Green wire is the ground wire for the factory headunit, so you can attach the black wire from the new HU to the BLACK/ Green wire in the truck.
You can stumble your way through this install, but keep in mind that factories like to use the same color wire for mulitple things. So you end up hooking up a ground wire to a speaker lead etc, etc. You really need to use a DMM. Oh, and one more thing. The difference between an idiot hacking up his truck and a newbie starting out, is that the newbie will ask questions from local professionals and more importantly ask before hacking.